Modernism refers to the period during which many artists developed vastly different ideals about art in comparison to those that came before them. This time was characterized by many concepts, including those such as avant-garde, hierarchy, form, and function. In many ways, the artists of this time sought to abandon the traditional thoughts and practices of art and focus on developing new and (at the time) modern ideas. The painting above by Piet Mondrian is a pretty good example of some of the minimalist work that was made during modernism.
Post-Modernism is the period that came after modernism, thus the name, and is most easily identifiable as the opposite of modernism. Post-Modern artist very much rejected the ideals of the modern artists in a similar manner to the way modern artists rejected the ideas of their predecessors. One specific example of this comes from the clear abandonment of the 'form follows function' and finalized ideals that many modernists adhered to. Rather, many post-modern artists embraced the possibilities of unfinished/perfected work and especially experimented with the importance of art as a process and not necessarily a result.
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